You bet Someone crust smallpox blowing your nose want. But you might feel differently if you live in the 15th century China. Long ago, the Chinese people have recognized that smallpox was sick once were immune to re-infection. They came with the idea of preserving crusts of people who had suffered mild cases, drying, crushing them to dust and blows the nostril. For boys it was the right nostril, he was left for the girls, because, well, 15th century. Here’s how the history of vaccines usually start this version is definitely incomplete. First, it is unclear how effective were the first efforts to vaccination. On the other hand, it does not know just when he started the practice, with some accounts, the date already hooking year 200 BC. Scattered, less reliable stories similar vaccination efforts have been reported in India and Africa, but the evidence is there much thinner. So hat tip to the Ming Dynasty in China, it seems the vaccine Train roles brought. Vaccination is a lot to develop the collective spirit of the world today as a researcher at universities and pharmaceutical companies competitions a way to prevent the further spread of COVID-19 The most optimistic forecasts suggest that a vaccine could be in the hands of the month of January; Others, more cautious forecasts a waiting period of at least 18 months. But on long sheets of history of the vaccine, even 18 months something close to the speed of light. All that is finally developed its existence thanks to centuries of incremental work that vaccination has made a cruel practice and often risky for a highly sophisticated science. Edward Jenner’s smallpox assumes If the Chinese were the first out of the gate in an attempt to develop a vaccine against smallpox, is the English physician Edward Jenner 18th century, who is credited with the development of the first safe and reliable version. Jenner, like others of his time was noticed that milkmaids, who were suffering because of their work cases of smallpox, a disease that can be transmitted from cattle to humans, would be spared usually smallpox infection if there is an outbreak of local, Cowpox was evidently are different than that of the smallpox only relatively mild symptoms in people to create, but similar enough to confer immunity to the human form of the disease. In a famous experiment in 1796, although it would happen muster hardly ethical today-Jenner bit of a pustule cowpox a milkmaid collected named Sarah Nelmes and scratched in the arm of an 8-year-old boy named James Phipps, 14 May, 1796. after trying to infect human Phipps with smallpox, but the boy only shook the virus. discovered a disease in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and the smallpox name two years later published Jenner his findings in a book, which went from less than reader-friendly titles for a study on the causes and of variolae vaccinae effects known. the content, if not the marketing plan was still a sensation. In 1801, about 100,000 people have been vaccinated using the same method. mitigate or kill? But Jenner approach had its limitations: not all human diseases have immunity Analog animal without the disease can give. And some animal diseases that can be fatal to make the jump to the people of both species as COVID-19 itself, which we thought will bat. The trick was to do the work with viruses and bacteria that cause human disease, but to disarm some way, to make it to deprive of their still sick power, when the immune system and teaches them in case of subsequent actual infection to detect and neutralize. Scientists have figured out that it was not only a way to reach this goal, there were two: could kill the virus or bacterium, while its physical remains intact to maintain effectively teaching the body to recognize a pathogen mannequin and an immune response mounted, if you ever saw a live. In the alternative, they may soften or weaken, but not kill the error-to make it harmless, but teach the immune system in a similar way, what to look for and kill the next time. During the half century that followed Jenner’s work, many diseases have been Use one or both of these methods. was developed in 1881 and 1885 French biologist Louis Pasteur successfully vaccines against anthrax and rabies, the pathogen is exposed to oxygen and heat and weakening but not killing her. In the 20th century, developed by French physician Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin veterinary vaccine against tuberculosis, in a similar manner, weakening 230 generations of them by the media of artificial growth, a bovine strain of the bacterium, the choices for weaker and weaker versions each step. Vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella were first with weakened virus strains as well developed. In the case of rubella, the work was performed in part by developing a strain of the virus to be the only temperatures below 37 ° C progressed (98.6ºF), so that the human body has a space for inhospitable. The problem with the attenuated viruses is that mutations are possible and in some rare cases the vaccine can cause the disease, rather than prevent them. For this reason, the 19th and 20th centuries, the researchers of vaccines against cholera, whooping cough, influenza and developed killing pathogens is completely by heat or formalin, a diluted version of formaldehyde. Innovative Jonas Salk polio vaccine, approved in 1955 was based on formalin killed poliovirus. Then in 1962 the Albert Sabin version uses an attenuated strain. The advantage of the Salk: can never cause a case of polio induced by the vaccine. The advantage of Sabin: it was an oral vaccine instead of one as an injectable Salk, allowing medical staff to field workers are not trained to oversee mass immunization. (Despite the very rare cases of vaccine-derived polio vaccines with attenuated viruses are just a small health risk is less than the risk of not being vaccinated, even if people go with weakened immune systems, organ transplants or other underlying problems of health and consult your doctor before vaccination to be.) at the end of 1940 and beyond, scientists are still smart, only bits of virus coats and bacteria using an immune response triggering a bit ‘like a dog sniffing a garment so that belonging to a missing person and then sends it on a hunt. The proteins extracted from pathogens could work in the same way, each of which bears an imprint digital chemistry that alone, the immune system might teach the wild-type virus or a bacterium to locate and kill, from which it comes. The next Vaccine More recently, as was easily decoded genomes are grown, the researchers posted on the development of vaccines, leaving pathogens for the extraction of RNA or DNA, and this is injected into the body. There, because of genetic material-bit cells to produce proteins that do not cause disease, but they can raise awareness and educate the immune system. If COVID-19, Modern Pharmaceuticals in Cambridge, Mass., Power’s progress with this approach. There, researchers are working on a vaccine that uses genetic material known as mRNA codes for proteins extracted from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 “MRNA is really like a software molecule in biology, “Modern President, Dr. Stephen Hoge, Alice Park said at the time of the end of January, as well as the pandemic is gaining momentum. “So our vaccine is like the software program for the body, which then goes and does the viral proteins [] to generate an immune response.” Other groups are working on COVID-19 include vaccines Cansino Biologics, Inovio Pharmaceuticals, and a collaboration between the University of Oxford and AstraZeneca. Both Modern vaccine or another ultimately lead COVID-19, to develop the heel of success centuries humanity in vaccines means that today few people doubt that a safe, effective vaccine to be found. And when new viruses emerge to continue the arsenal vaccine will inevitably grow. Pathogens are mindless, but surely. But science is also relentless. Like any arms race, so does concern a loss of human lives. But over time, as research progresses, many more millions are stored. Picture copyright by Joe Raedle-Getty Images
A vaccine COVID-19 would be the last success in a long scientific history
